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2008
07-31

关于闰年 一段有趣的历史

关于闰年 一段有趣的历史


本文根据网上一些资料收集整理完成!


关键字: 儒略历(Julian calendar) 格里历(Gregorian calendar) 1752年 9月 1582年 10月


说到闰年,人们就想到一个计算公式:能被4整除但不能被100整除,或者能被400整除的年份为闰年!
但现实中真的是这样的吗?


回答这个问题以前我们有必要先了解一下现行的历法及来历!


1、公历(格里历)
    公历是现在国际通用的历法,又称格里历,通称阳历。“阳历”又名“太阳历”,系以地球绕行太阳一周为一年,为西方各国所通用,故又名“西历”。我国从辛亥革命后即自民国元年采用阳历,故又名曰“国历”。为与我国旧有之历相对称,故又名曰“新历”。1949年正式规定公元纪年。


    格里历前身是儒略历(奥古斯都历),1582年罗马天主教教皇格列高利十三世(也译格雷果里、格里高利)把儒略历(奥古斯都历)1582年10月4日的下一天定为格里历10月15日,中间销去10天。同时修改了儒略历置闰法则。


    地球绕太阳一周实际为365.24219天(太阳年),按一年365天计算,每年少0.24219天,每隔4年少0.96876天,每隔400年则少96.876天,因此,400年中需置97个闰年。闰年在2月末加上一天全年366天。这样经过3333年才有一天的误差。


    年有三种:地球绕日一周,历三百六十五日六小时九分九秒,谓之“恒星年”;太阳过近地点循黄道东行一周,复过近地点,历三百六十五日六时十三分四十八秒,谓之“近点年”;太阳过春分点,循黄道东行一周,复过春分点,历三百六十五日五小时四十八分四十六秒,谓之“回归年”,亦称“岁实”。


    因二分点(春分点秋分点)每年沿黄道向西逆行约五十秒,故回归年较恒星年之时间为短,相差二十分二十三秒,谓之“岁差”。 此三种年之时间不同,欲使每年之节气寒暑不变,故取回归年为制历之年。


    对于回归年之时间,有记住之必要,为便于记忆,编一歌诀如下:
    “地球绕日一周年,要知时间有多少?三六五日加五小,四十八分四六秒。”


    由一月一日至次年一月一日谓之一年,年长本应与岁实相等,然而一年之日数,必须是整数,不便将奇零之时数计入,故以三百六十五日为一年,每年余五小时四十八分四十六秒至四年约满一日,故每四年增加一日,为闰日,谓之“闰年”。


    无闰日这年,谓之“平年”,平年三百六十五日,闰年三百六十六日。 但四年之闰余,仅二十三时十五分四秒,今闰一日,未免过多,超过之四十四分五十六秒,积至二十五闰,为十七时五十八分二十四秒,约合一日之四分之三,故每满百年废一闰,至第四百年又不废。如是每四年置一闰,每四百年减三闰,计超过二小时五十三分二十秒,须八个四百年后,即三千二百年后,始补足此一日之差。


2、儒略历(奥古斯都历)
    “儒略历”是现今国际通用的公历的前身。西方国家16世纪前大多采用它。在中外历史上都因历法误差而产生过许多问题。古罗马曾用罗马历(阴历),但到公元前46年,罗马历落后于阳历80天,以致寒暑颠倒,春秋难分,有人讽刺说:罗马人长打胜仗,但他们自己却不知道是在哪一天打的。公元前46年,罗马统帅儒略·恺撒在埃及亚历山大的希腊数学家兼天文学家索西琴尼的帮助下制订的,并在公元前46年1月1日起执行实行,取代旧罗马历法的一种历法。所以人们就把这一历法称为“儒略历”。


    “儒略历”以回归年为基本单位,是一部纯粹的阳历。它将全年分设为12个月,单数月是大月,长31日,双月是小月,长为30日,只有2月平年是29日,闰年30日。每年设365.25日,每四年一闰,闰年366日,每年平均长度是365.25日。“儒略历”编制好后,儒略·恺撒的继承人奥古斯都于公元前8年又从2月减去一日加上8月(8月的拉丁名即他的名字奥古斯都),又把9月、11月改为小月,10月、12月改为大月。


    “儒略历”比回归年365.2422日长0.0078日,400年要多出3.12日。从公元325年定春分为3月21日提早到了3月11日。1500年后由于误差较大,被罗马教皇格里高利十三世于1582年进行改善与修订,变为格里历,即沿用至今的世界通用的公历。


一月 Januarius 名字来自古罗马神话的神雅努斯。
二月 Februarius 名字来自古罗马的节日Februa。
三月 Martius 名字来自古罗马神话的战神玛尔斯。
四月 Aprilis 名字来自古罗马的词aperire,意思为“开始”,意味着春天开始。
五月 Maius 名字来自古罗马神话的花神玛亚。
六月 Junius 名字来自古罗马共和国的创始人Junius。
七月 原名Quintilis,后改Julius。古罗马历只有10个月,这是第五月,原名是“第五”的意思,因为恺撒是这月出生的,经元老院一致通过,将此月改为恺撒的名字“儒略”。
八月 原名Sextilis 后改Augustus。原名是“第六”的意思,因为后来独裁者屋大维是生于此月,元老院将此月改为他的称号“奥古斯都”,原来应排为小月,从二月中抽出一天补上,变为大月,将后面的月份重新排大小月。
九月 September 拉丁语“第七”的意思。
十月 October 拉丁语“第八”的意思。
十一月 Novembris 拉丁语“第九”的意思。
十二月 December 拉丁语“第十”的意思。


现在回到刚才的问题!闰年的计算公式:能被4整除但不能被100整除,或者能被400整除的年份为闰年!是针对现行公历即格里历来说的!有效时间从1582年10月15日开始,而在这以前的闰年计算公式为:能被4整除的为闰年!


按照上面的规则验证一下!
unix下有个命令(cal)是用来计算万年历的,分别输入:
查看1600年2月
cal 2 1600
29天 正确


查看1700年2月
cal 2 1700
29天 和总结的计算方法有出入?


查看1800年2月
cal 2 1800
28天 正确


可以看到1700年2月和我们总结的方法计算有出入!这个是怎么回事呢???
时间回到1752年9月
输入
# cal 9 1752
   September 1752
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
       1  2 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30


你会得到一个非常奇怪的月份!1752年9月没有9月3日到9月13日!!!为什么呢?


这个就要从各国推行公历(格里历)的时间谈起了!下面一份列表是各国推行公历(格里历)的时间:
[code]
The following list contains the dates for changes in a number of countries. It is very strange that in many cases there seems to be some doubt among authorities about what the correct days are. Different sources give very different dates in some cases. The list below does not include all the different opinions about when the change took place.



Albania:
December 1912


Austria:
Different regions on different dates
Brixen, Salzburg and Tyrol:
        5 Oct 1583 was followed by 16 Oct 1583
Carinthia and Styria:
        14 Dec 1583 was followed by 25 Dec 1583
See also Czechoslovakia and Hungary


Belgium:
See the Netherlands


Bulgaria:
31 Mar 1916 was followed by 14 Apr 1916


Canada:
Different areas changed at different times.
Newfoundland and Hudson Bay coast:
        2 Sep 1752 was followed by 14 Sep 1752
Mainland Nova Scotia:
        Gregorian 1605 - 13 Oct 1710
        Julian 2 Oct 1710 - 2 Sep 1752
        Gregorian since 14 Sep 1752
Rest of Canada:
        Gregorian from first European settlement


China:
The Gregorian calendar replaced the Chinese calendar in 1912, but the Gregorian calendar was not used throughout the country until the communist revolution of 1949.


Czechoslovakia (i.e. Bohemia and Moravia):


6 Jan 1584 was followed by 17 Jan 1584


Denmark (including Norway):


18 Feb 1700 was followed by 1 Mar 1700


Egypt:
1875


Estonia:
31 Jan 1918 was followed by 14 Feb 1918


Finland:
Then part of Sweden. (Note, however, that Finland later became part of Russia, which then still used the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar remained official in Finland, but some use of the Julian calendar was made.)


France:
9 Dec 1582 was followed by 20 Dec 1582
Alsace: 5 Feb 1682 was followed by 16 Feb 1682
Lorraine: 16 Feb 1760 was followed by 28 Feb 1760
Strasbourg: February 1682


Germany:
Different states on different dates:
Catholic states on various dates in 1583-1585
Prussia: 22 Aug 1610 was followed by 2 Sep 1610
Protestant states: 18 Feb 1700 was followed by 1 Mar 1700
(Many local variations)


Great Britain and colonies:


2 Sep 1752 was followed by 14 Sep 1752


Greece:
[9 Mar 1924 was followed by 23 Mar 1924
(Some sources say 1916 and 1920)]


Hungary:
21 Oct 1587 was followed by 1 Nov 1587


Ireland:
As Great Britain


Italy:
4 Oct 1582 was followed by 15 Oct 1582


Japan:
The Gregorian calendar was introduced to supplement the traditional Japanese calendar on 1 Jan 1873.


Latvia:
During German occupation 1915 to 1918


Lithuania:
1915


Luxemburg:
14 Dec 1582 was followed by 25 Dec 1582


Netherlands:


Zeeland, Brabrant, and the ``Staten Generaal'':
        14 Dec 1582 was followed by 25 Dec 1582
Holland:
        1 Jan 1583 was followed by 12 Jan 1583
Limburg and the southern provinces (currently Belgium):
          20 Dec 1582 was followed by 31 Dec 1582
        or
          21 Dec 1582 was followed by 1 Jan 1583
Groningen:
        10 Feb 1583 was followed by 21 Feb 1583
        Went back to Julian in the summer of 1594
        31 Dec 1700 was followed by 12 Jan 1701
Gelderland:
        30 Jun 1700 was followed by 12 Jul 1700
Utrecht and Overijssel:
        30 Nov 1700 was followed by 12 Dec 1700
Friesland:
        31 Dec 1700 was followed by 12 Jan 1701
Drenthe:
        30 Apr 1701 was followed by 12 May 1701


Norway:
Then part of Denmark.


Poland:
4 Oct 1582 was followed by 15 Oct 1582


Portugal:
4 Oct 1582 was followed by 15 Oct 1582


Romania:
31 Mar 1919 was followed by 14 Apr 1919
[The Greek Orthodox parts of the country may have changed later.]


Russia:
31 Jan 1918 was followed by 14 Feb 1918
[In the eastern parts of the country the change may not have occurred until 1920.]


Scotland:
See Great Britain


Spain:
4 Oct 1582 was followed by 15 Oct 1582


Sweden (including Finland):


17 Feb 1753 was followed by 1 Mar 1753 (see note below)


Switzerland:


Catholic cantons: 1583, 1584 or 1597
Protestant cantons:
        31 Dec 1700 was followed by 12 Jan 1701
(Many local variations)


Turkey:
Gregorian calendar introduced 1 Jan 1927


USA:
Different areas changed at different times.
Along the Eastern seaboard: With Great Britain in 1752.
Mississippi valley: With France in 1582.
Texas, Florida, California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico: With Spain in 1582
Washington, Oregon: With Britain in 1752.
Alaska: October 1867 when Alaska became part of the USA.


Wales:
See Great Britain


Yugoslavia:
1919
Sweden has a curious history. Sweden decided to make a gradual change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. By dropping every leap year from 1700 through 1740 the eleven superfluous days would be omitted and from 1 Mar 1740 they would be in sync with the Gregorian calendar. (But in the meantime they would be in sync with nobody!)


So 1700 (which should have been a leap year in the Julian calendar) was not a leap year in Sweden. However, by mistake 1704 and 1708 became leap years. This left Sweden out of synchronisation with both the Julian and the Gregorian world, so they decided to go back to the Julian calendar. In order to do this, they inserted an extra day in 1712, making that year a double leap year! So in 1712, February had 30 days in Sweden.


Later, in 1753, Sweden changed to the Gregorian calendar by dropping 11 days like everyone else.
[/code]
以上需要注意的是
Great Britain and colonies:
原来unix是美国人发明的!而美国为了“纪念”祖先(美国是大不列顛(英国)人等跑到新大陆建国的),而沿用了Great Britain的历法!将1752年9月减去9月3日到9月13日这几日!
1752年9月2日及以前用儒略历(奥古斯都历)的计算方法计算闰年,1752年9月13日后用公历(格里历)的计算方法计算闰年!上面1700年2月是29天,是正常现象!而1752年9月丢掉的这几天也是正常现象!
我们写计算机中的万年历的时候一般也以此为准!


新旧历法的交替也出现了历史事件时间上面的错位!比如每年11月7日为俄国10月25日发生的“十月革命”的纪念日!!!出现这种现象是因为新历1917年11月7日就是旧历的10月25日(也就是说是同一天)!

参考资料:
http://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/node3.html


关于闰年 一段有趣的历史》有 2 条评论

  1. emily 说:

    一直没有注意过这个问题哦,新知识,谢谢了哦

  2. whos 说:

    [QUOTE=明天的月亮]

    发这种垃圾东西,一点必要也没有吧,飘过飘过

    [/QUOTE]

    垃圾东西?

    知识永远不会是垃圾!

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